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a Paris-based firm

  • 1 base

    [beɪs] 1. n
    (of post, tree, system of ideas) podstawa f; (of cup, box) spód m; (of paint, make up) podkład m; (for military, individual, organization) baza f
    2. vt 3. adj
    mind, thoughts podły, nikczemny

    to be based at — bazować w +loc or na +loc

    * * *
    I 1. [beis] noun
    1) (the foundation, support, or lowest part (of something), or the surface on which something is standing: the base of the statue; the base of the triangle; the base of the tree.) podstawa
    2) (the main ingredient of a mixture: This paint has oil as a base.) główny składnik
    3) (a headquarters, starting-point etc: an army base.) baza
    2. verb
    ((often with on) to use as a foundation, starting-point etc: I base my opinion on evidence; Our group was based in Paris.) opierać, stacjonować
    II [beis] adjective
    (wicked or worthless: base desires.) niegodziwy
    - baseness

    English-Polish dictionary > base

  • 2 base *****

    I [beɪs]
    1. n
    (gen) Mil base f
    2. vt

    (troops) to base at — mettere di stanza a

    (opinion, relationship) to base on — basare su, fondare su

    I'm based in London — sono di base or ho base a Londra

    II [beɪs] adj
    (liter: action, motive) basso (-a), (behaviour) ignobile

    English-Italian dictionary > base *****

  • 3 base

    I 1. noun
    1) (of lamp, pyramid, wall, mountain, microscope) Fuß, der; (of cupboard, statue) Sockel, der; (fig.) (support) Basis, die; (principle) Ausgangsbasis, die; (main ingredient) Hauptbestandteil, der; (of make-up) Grundlage, die
    2) (Mil.) Basis, die; Stützpunkt, der; (fig.): (for sightseeing) Ausgangspunkt, der
    3) (Baseball) Mal, das

    get to first base — (fig. coll.) [wenigstens] etwas erreichen

    4) (Archit., Geom., Surv., Math.) Basis, die
    5) (Chem.) Base, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) gründen (on auf + Akk.)

    base one's hopes on something — seine Hoffnung auf etwas (Akk.) gründen

    a book based on newly discovered papers — ein Buch, das auf neu entdeckten Dokumenten basiert

    2) in pass.

    be based in Paris — (permanently) in Paris sitzen; (temporarily) in Paris sein

    3)

    base oneself on — sich stützen auf (+ Akk.)

    II adjective
    1) (morally low) niederträchtig; niedrig [Beweggrund]
    2) (cowardly) feige; (selfish) selbstsüchtig; (mean) niederträchtig
    * * *
    I 1. [beis] noun
    1) (the foundation, support, or lowest part (of something), or the surface on which something is standing: the base of the statue; the base of the triangle; the base of the tree.) die Basis, das Unterteil
    2) (the main ingredient of a mixture: This paint has oil as a base.) die Grundlage
    3) (a headquarters, starting-point etc: an army base.) der Ausgangspunkt
    2. verb
    ((often with on) to use as a foundation, starting-point etc: I base my opinion on evidence; Our group was based in Paris.) stützen, gründen
    - academic.ru/5645/baseless">baseless
    II [beis] adjective
    (wicked or worthless: base desires.) niederträchtig
    - basely
    - baseness
    * * *
    base1
    [beɪs]
    I. n
    1. (bottom) of mountain, tree, lamp Fuß m; of vase, glass Boden m; of statue, sculpture, column Sockel m, Fuß m; ANAT of spine Basis f, Unterteil nt
    \base of the brain Gehirnbasis f
    2. (basis) of opinion Grundlage f; of research Ausgangspunkt m, Basis f
    3. (foundation) Grundlage f, Basis f, Ausgangspunkt m; (of paint) Substrat nt, Grundstoff m
    4. (main location) Hauptsitz m; MIL Basis f, Stützpunkt m, Standort m
    5. (main ingredient) Hauptbestandteil m, Grundstoff m
    6. (first ingredient used) Grundlage f, Untergrund m; (for painting) Grundierung f
    7. CHEM Base f, Lauge f
    8. BIOL [Purin]base f
    9. MATH (number) Grundzahl f, Basis f; (of triangle) Basis f, Grundlinie f, Grundseite f; (for solids) Grundfläche f
    10. ELEC (middle of transistor) Basis[zone] f
    11. LING (primary morpheme) [Wort]stamm m; (root) Wurzel f
    12. SPORT (in baseball) Mal nt, Base f
    to touch second \base bis zur zweiten Base kommen
    13.
    ▶ to get to first \base esp AM ( fig fam) etw erreichen, einen Schritt nach vorn machen
    ▶ to get to first \base with sb esp AM ( fam) bei jdm landen können fam
    ▶ to be off \base AM ( fam: be mistaken) falschliegen; (be surprised) völlig überrascht sein
    ▶ to touch \base esp AM sich akk mit jdm in Verbindung setzen, sich akk bei jdm melden
    II. vt
    1.
    ▪ to be \based firm seinen Sitz haben; soldier stationiert sein
    2. (taken from)
    ▪ to be \based on sth auf etw dat basieren [o beruhen
    3. (prove)
    ▪ to \base sth on sth speculation etw auf etw akk stützen [o gründen]
    base2
    [beɪs]
    1. ( liter: immoral) niederträchtig, gemein, feige, niedrig
    \base crime niederträchtiges [o feiges] Verbrechen
    \base motives niedere Beweggründe
    2. (menial) work, job niedrig, geringwertig, untergeordnet, minderwertig
    * * *
    I [beɪs]
    1. n
    1) (= lowest part) Basis f; (= that on which sth stands also) Unterlage f; (ARCHIT, of column also) Fuß m; (= support for statue etc) Sockel m; (of lamp, tree, mountain) Fuß m; (= undercoat also) Grundierung f

    at the base (of) — unten (an +dat )

    2) (= main ingredient) Basis f, Haupt- or Grundbestandteil m
    3) (of theory) Basis f; (= starting point also) Ausgangspunkt m; (= foundation also) Grundlage f
    4) (MIL ETC fig for holidays, climbing etc) Standort m, Stützpunkt m
    5) (BASEBALL) Mal nt, Base nt

    at or on second base — auf Mal or Base 2, auf dem zweiten Mal or Base

    to touch or cover all the bases ( US fig ) — an alles denken

    6) (GRAM) Wortstamm m, Wortwurzel f
    7) (MATH) Basis f, Grundzahl f
    8) (CHEM) Lauge f, Base f
    9) (GEOMETRY) Basis f; (of plane figure also) Grundlinie f; (of solid also) Grundfläche f
    2. vt

    to be based on — ruhen auf (+dat); (statue) stehen auf

    2) (fig) opinion, theory gründen, basieren (on auf +acc); hopes, theory also setzen (on auf +acc); relationship also bauen (on auf +acc)

    to be based on sb/sth — auf jdm/etw basieren; (hopes, theory also) sich auf jdn/etw stützen

    to base one's technique on sb/sth —

    he tried to base his life on this theory — er versuchte, nach dieser Theorie zu leben

    3) (MIL) stationieren

    the company is based in London — die Firma hat ihren Sitz in London

    I am based in Glasgow but cover all of Scotland — mein Büro ist in Glasgow, aber ich bereise ganz Schottland

    II
    adj (+er)
    1) motive, character niedrig; person, thoughts, action, lie, slander gemein, niederträchtig
    2) (= inferior) task, level niedrig; coin falsch, unecht; metal unedel
    3) (obs) birth (= low) niedrig (old); (= illegitimate) unehelich
    * * *
    base1 [beıs]
    A s
    1. auch fig Basis f, Grundlage f, Fundament n (auch arch)
    2. fig Ausgangspunkt m, -basis f
    3. Grund-, Hauptbestandteil m (einer Arznei etc), Grundstoff m
    4. CHEM Base f
    5. ARCH Basis f, Sockel m, Postament n (einer Säule etc)
    6. MATH
    a) Basis f, Grundlinie f oder -fläche f
    b) Träger m (einer Punktreihe)
    c) Basis f, Grundzahl f (eines Logarithmen- oder Zahlensystems oder einer Potenz)
    d) Bezugsgröße f
    7. Landvermessung: Standlinie f
    8. BIOL
    a) Befestigungspunkt m (eines Organs)
    b) Basis f, Unterteil n/m:
    base of the brain ANAT Gehirnbasis
    9. MIL
    a) Standort m
    c) (Luftwaffen- etc) Stützpunkt m
    d) Etappe f
    10. Baseball: Mal n:
    be off base US umg auf dem Holzweg sein;
    catch sb off base US umg jemanden überraschen oder -rumpeln;
    get to first base US umg einen ersten (erfolgreichen) Schritt tun;
    he didn’t get to first base with her US umg er hat bei ihr überhaupt nichts erreicht;
    touch base with US umg sich in Verbindung setzen mit
    a) Start(punkt) m
    b) Ziel(punkt) n(m)
    12. LING Stamm m
    13. TECH
    a) Montage-, Grundplatte f, Sockel m, Gestell n
    b) (Gehäuse-, Maschinen) Unterteil n/m
    c) Fundament n, Unterlage f, Bettung f
    d) Sohle f (einer Mauer)
    e) Trägerstoff m (z. B. für Magnetschicht)
    f) MIL (Geschoss) Boden m
    14. ELEK (Lampen-, Röhren) Sockel m, (-)Fassung f
    15. Färberei: Beize f
    16. GEOL (das) Liegende
    B v/t
    1. stützen, gründen ( beide:
    on, upon auf akk):
    base one’s hopes on seine Hoffnungen bauen auf (akk);
    be based on beruhen oder basieren auf (dat);
    base o.s. on sich verlassen auf (akk); → based 1
    2. MIL stationieren: → based 3 a
    3. eine Basis bilden für
    C adj als Basis dienend, Grund…, Ausgangs…
    base2 [beıs] adj (adv basely)
    1. gemein, niederträchtig:
    base motives niedrige Beweggründe
    2. minderwertig
    3. unedel: → base metal 1
    4. falsch, unecht:
    a) Br Falschgeld n,
    b) US Scheidemünze f
    5. LING unrein, unklassisch
    6. JUR Br HIST dienend:
    base estate durch gemeine Dienstleistungen erworbenes Lehen
    7. MUS obs Bass…:
    base tones Basstöne
    8. obs niedrigen Standes
    9. obs unehelich
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (of lamp, pyramid, wall, mountain, microscope) Fuß, der; (of cupboard, statue) Sockel, der; (fig.) (support) Basis, die; (principle) Ausgangsbasis, die; (main ingredient) Hauptbestandteil, der; (of make-up) Grundlage, die
    2) (Mil.) Basis, die; Stützpunkt, der; (fig.): (for sightseeing) Ausgangspunkt, der
    3) (Baseball) Mal, das

    get to first base — (fig. coll.) [wenigstens] etwas erreichen

    4) (Archit., Geom., Surv., Math.) Basis, die
    5) (Chem.) Base, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) gründen (on auf + Akk.)

    a book based on newly discovered papers — ein Buch, das auf neu entdeckten Dokumenten basiert

    2) in pass.

    be based in Paris — (permanently) in Paris sitzen; (temporarily) in Paris sein

    3)

    base oneself on — sich stützen auf (+ Akk.)

    II adjective
    1) (morally low) niederträchtig; niedrig [Beweggrund]
    2) (cowardly) feige; (selfish) selbstsüchtig; (mean) niederträchtig
    * * *
    n.
    Basis Basen f.
    Boden ¨-- (von Gefäß) m.
    Grund ¨-e m.
    Grundzahl f.
    Sockel - m.
    Unterlage f.

    English-german dictionary > base

  • 4 Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

    [br]
    b. 19 July 1814 Clefmont (Haute-Marne), France
    d. 11 September 1891 Le Mans, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the rotor-stator wind engine and founder of the Bollée manufacturing industry.
    [br]
    Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.
    In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.
    The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.
    Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".
    The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    André Gaucheron and J.Kenneth Major, 1985, The Eolienne Bollée, The International Molinological Society.
    Cénomane (Le Mans), 11, 12 and 13 (1983 and 1984).
    KM

    Biographical history of technology > Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

  • 5 Mouriés, Hippolyte Mège

    [br]
    b. 24 October 1817 Draguignan, France
    d. 1880 France
    [br]
    French inventor of margarine.
    [br]
    The son of a schoolmaster. Mouriés became a chemist's assistant in his home town at the age of 16. He then spent a period of training in Aix-enProvence, and in 1838 he moved to Paris, where he became Assistant to the Resident Pharmacist at the Hotel Dieu Hospital. He stayed there until 1846 but never sat his final exams. His main success during this period was with the drug Copahin, which was used against syphilis; he invented an oral formulation of the drug by treating it with nitric acid. In the 1840s he took out various patents relating to tanning and to sugar extraction, and in the 1850s he turned his attention to food research. He developed a health chocolate with his calcium phosphate protein, and also developed a method that made it possible to gain 14 per cent more white bread from a given quantity of wheat. He lectured on this process in Berlin and Brussels and was awarded two gold medals. After 1862 he concentrated his research on fats. His margarine process was based on the cold saponification of milk in fat emulsions and was patented in both France and Britain in 1869. These experiments were carried out at the Ferme Impériale de La Faisanderie in Vincennes, the personal property of the Emperor, and it is therefore likely that they were State-funded. He sold his knowledge to the Dutch firm Jurgens in 1871, and between 1873 and 1874 he also sold his British, American and Prussian rights. His final patent, in 1875, was for canned meat.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Napoleon III awarded him the Légion d'honneur for his work on wheat and bread.
    Further Reading
    J.H.van Stuyvenberg (ed.), Margarine: An Economic, Social and Scientific History, 1869–1969 (provides a brief outline of the life of Mouriés in a comprehensive history of his discovery).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Mouriés, Hippolyte Mège

  • 6 Porter, Charles Talbot

    [br]
    b. 18 January 1826 Auburn, New York, USA
    d. 1910 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of a stone dressing machine, an improved centrifugal governor and a high-speed steam engine.
    [br]
    Porter graduated from Hamilton College, New York, in 1845, read law in his father's office, and in the autumn of 1847 was admitted to the Bar. He practised for six or seven years in Rochester, New York, and then in New York City. He was drawn into engineering when aged about 30, first through a client who claimed to have invented a revolutionary type of engine and offered Porter the rights to it as payment of a debt. Having lent more money, Porter saw neither the man nor the engine again. Porter followed this with a similar experience over a patent for a stone dressing machine, except this time the machine was built. It proved to be a failure, but Porter set about redesigning it and found that it was vastly improved when it ran faster. His improved machine went into production. It was while trying to get the steam engine that drove the stone dressing machine to run more smoothly that he made a discovery that formed the basis for his subsequent work.
    Porter took the ordinary Watt centrifugal governor and increased the speed by a factor of about ten; although he had to reduce the size of the weights, he gained a motion that was powerful. To make the device sufficiently responsive at the right speed, he balanced the centrifugal forces by a counterweight. This prevented the weights flying outwards until the optimum speed was reached, so that the steam valves remained fully open until that point and then the weights reacted more quickly to variations in speed. He took out a patent in 1858, and its importance was quickly recognized. At first he manufactured and sold the governors himself in a specially equipped factory, because this was the only way he felt he could get sufficient accuracy to ensure a perfect action. For marine use, the counterweight was replaced by a spring.
    Higher speed had brought the advantage of smoother running and so he thought that the same principles could be applied to the steam engine itself, but it was to take extensive design modifications over several years before his vision was realized. In the winter of 1860–1, J.F. Allen met Porter and sketched out his idea of a new type of steam inlet valve. Porter saw the potential of this for his high-speed engine and Allen took out patents for it in 1862. The valves were driven by a new valve gear designed by Pius Fink. Porter decided to display his engine at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, but it had to be assembled on site because the parts were finished in America only just in time to be shipped to meet the deadline. Running at 150 rpm, the engine caused a sensation, but as it was non-condensing there were few orders. Porter added condensing apparatus and, after the failure of Ormerod Grierson \& Co., entered into an agreement with Joseph Whitworth to build the engines. Four were exhibited at the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle, but Whitworth and Porter fell out and in 1868 Porter returned to America.
    Porter established another factory to build his engine in America, but he ran into all sorts of difficulties, both mechanical and financial. Some engines were built, and serious production was started c. 1874, but again there were further problems and Porter had to leave his firm. High-speed engines based on his designs continued to be made until after 1907 by the Southwark Foundry and Machine Company, Philadelphia, so Porter's ideas were proved viable and led to many other high-speed designs.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1908, Engineering Reminiscences, New York: J. Wiley \& Sons; reprinted 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay (autobiography; the main source of information about his life).
    Further Reading
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (examines his governor and steam engine).
    O.Mayr, 1974, "Yankee practice and engineering theory; Charles T.Porter and the dynamics of the high-speed engine", Technology and Culture 16 (4) (examines his governor and steam engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Porter, Charles Talbot

  • 7 Sullivan, Louis Henry

    [br]
    b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA
    [br]
    American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.
    [br]
    Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.
    During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.
    The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Article by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.
    Further Reading
    Hugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.
    Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Sullivan, Louis Henry

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